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HYMENOPTERA, Aphelinidae (Forster 1856) -
(Chalcidoidea) -- <Images> & <Juveniles>
Aphelinidae is a moderate-sized family of tiny parasitic wasps, with
about 1163 described species in some 36 genera. These minute insects are
challenging to study as they deteriorate rapidly after death unless extreme
care is taken (e.g., preservation in ethanol), making identification of most
museum specimens difficult. The larvae of the majority are primary
parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the
life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs, some attack pupae, and
others are hyperparasites). They are found throughout the world in virtually
all habitats, and are extremely important as biological control agents. They are difficult to
separate from other Chalcidoidea except by subtle features of the wing
venation and other difficult characters, and it appears the family is
paraphyletic, and therefore likely to be split up in the future (e.g., the
Azotinae and Calesinae may become separate families). References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Annecke, D. P., & H. P. Insley. 1971. Catalogue of Ethiipian Encyrtidae and
Aphelinidae. Entomology Mem. Dept.
Agr. Tech. Serv. Rep. So. Afr. 23:
1-53. Annecke, D. E. & H. P. Insley. 1974. The species of Coccophagus Westwood, 1833 from the Ethiopian region
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).
Entomology Mem. Dept. Agr. Tech. Serv. Rep. So. Afr. 37: 1-62. Cedaña, S. M. 1937. Studies on the biology of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera), a genus
parasitic on nondiaspine Coccidae.
Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 6:
337-400. Compere,
H. 1931. A revision of the species of Coccophagus, a genus of hymenopterous coccid-inhabiting
parasites. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
78(7): 1-132. Compere,
H. 1936. Notes on the classification of the Aphelinidae with description
of new species. Univ. Calif. Pub.
Ent. 6(2): 227-321. Compere,
H. & D. P. Annecke. 1961. Descriptions of parasitic Hymenoptera and
comments (Hymenopt.: Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae). J. Ent. Soc. So. Afr. 24(1): 17-71. De Santis, L. 1946. Taxonomía de la
familia Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Rev. Mus. La Plata, Zool. (N. Ser.) 5: 1-21. De Santis, L. 1948. Estudio
monográfico de los afelínidos de la República Argentina (Hymenoptera,
Chalcidoidea). Rev. Mus. La Plata, Zool.
(N. Ser.) 5: 23-280. De Santis, L. 1967. Catálogo de los
hmenópteros Argentinos de la serie Parasitica, incluyendo Bethyloidea. Ann.
Comp. Inv. Cient. Prov. Bs. As. 337 p. Ferrière, C. 1965a. Hymenoptera,
Aphelinidae. Faune d'Europe et du
Bassin Mediterranéen No. 1. Masson et
Cie, Editeurs, Paris. 206 p. Ferrière, C. 1965b. Hymenoptera
Aphelinidae d'Europe et du bassin Méditerranéen. Masson et Cie Editeurs,
Paris. p. 1-208. Flanders, S. E. 1937. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 6: 357-401. Hartley,
E. A. 1922. Some bionomics of Aphelinus
semiflavus (Howard) chalcid
parasite of aphids. Ohio J. Sci.
22: 209-36. Hayat,
M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world. Systematic Entomology. 8: 63-102. Hayat,
M. 1988. Family Aphelinidae. In:
B. R. Subba-Rao, & M. Hayat (eds.), Oriental Insects, Vol.
19. Association For The Study of
Oriental. Insects, Gainesville, FL. 329
p. Janosh,
V. A. 1976. Classification of
parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea). Ent. Rev. 55(1): 114-20. Mercet,
R. 1912.
Trab. Mus. Ciencias Nat. 10:
1-306. Nikol'skaya, M. A. & V. A.
Yasnosh. 1966. Aphelinids of the
European part of the USSR and the Caucasus.
Opred. Faune SSSR. 91 Nauka, Moscow & Leningrad. 296 p.
[in Russian]. Prinsloo, G. L.
1980. An illustrated guide to
the families of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Rep. So. Africa, Dept. Agr. &
Fisheries Sci. Bull. 395. 66 p. Quayle,
H. J. 1913. Some natural enemies of spiders and mites. J. Econ. 6: 85-8. Rosen, D.
(ed.). 1993. Advances in the Study of aphytis (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae). Lavoisier Publ., Inc.,
Newark, NJ. 350 p. Rosen, D. & P. DeBach. 1979
(1978). Species of Aphytis of the world (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae). Dr. W. Junk B. V. Publ.,
The Hague & Israel Univ. Press. Jerusalem. 801 p. Stuben, M. 1949. Biol. Zentralblatt 68: 413-29. Taylor, T. H. C. 1935. The campaign against Aspidiotus destructor
Sign. in Fiji. Bull. Ent. Res.
26: 1-100. Viggiani, G. & P. Mazzone. 1979.
Contributi alla conoscenza morfo-biologica delle specie del complesso Encarsia Foerster-- Prospaltella Ashmead (Hym.,
Aphelinidae). Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. Filippo Silvestri 36: 42-50. Yasnosh,
V. A. 1976. Classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of the family
Aphelinidae. Ent. Rev. 55: 114-20. Yasnosh,
V. A. 1978/1987. Family Aphelinidae (Aphelinids). In: G. S. Medvedev (ed.) 1987, Keys to the
Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Vol. 3 Hymenoptera, Pt. 2. Akad. Nauk., Zool. Inst., Leningrad, SSSR. (trans. fr. Russian, Amerind. Publ. Co.,
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi). 1341 p. Yasnosh, V. A. 1979. Host-parasite relations in the family
Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).
Ent. Rev. 58: 751-60. Yasnosh,
V. A. 1983. Ent. Rev. 62: 145-59. Yoshimoto,
C. M. 1984. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of Canadian
Chalcidoid Wasps, Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea.
Biosystematics Res. Inst., Ottawa, Ontario, Res. Br. Agr. Canada Publ. 1760. 149 p. |